颗粒增强铝基涂层的组织结构与摩擦学性能

选用常规微米尺度Al2O3粉体和纳米结构Al2O3-TiO2粉体作为硬质颗粒,采用等离子喷涂方法在45钢基体上制备了Al2O3/Al2O3-TiO2颗粒增强铝基复合涂层,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和维氏硬度计观察和测试涂层的形貌、物相及显微硬度,通过滑动摩擦磨损试验分析涂层的摩擦学性能。结果显示,Al/Al2O3涂层的表面形貌和纯铝涂层非常相似,Al/Al2O3-TiO2涂层表面可以看到未熔、半熔和全熔的增强相存在。Al/Al2O3涂层的主要物相为Al和α-Al2O3,Al/Al2O3-TiO2涂层的主要物相为Al、α-Al2O3和TiO。随着增强相加入量的提高,Al/Al2O3涂层和Al/Al2O3-TiO2涂层的硬度不断提高;当添加量为30%时,硬度分别比未加增强相时提高了67%和76%。加入增强相的涂层的平均摩擦因数都有较大幅度的减小,加入30%Al2O3的Al/Al2O3涂层的磨损量比未加入增强相涂层的磨损量下降85.6%,Al/Al2O3-TiO2涂层的磨损量比未加入增强相涂层的磨损量下降74%左右,表明硬质颗粒Al2O3和Al2O3-TiO2的加入,可显著提高涂层的耐磨性。     

沉积时间对钼薄膜结构和热疲劳性能的影响

采用直流磁控溅射在不同沉积时间条件下制备钼薄膜,并用电子束热负荷装置对薄膜进行热疲劳性能试验,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对其结构和残余应力状态进行测试分析,用扫描电镜(SEM)对钼薄膜热疲劳前后形貌进行表征。结果表明:薄膜沿(110)取向择优生长,呈柱状晶结构,薄膜内存在张应力,残余应力随沉积时间增加而逐渐减小。热循环试验后均未出现薄膜脱落现象,但均产生表面裂纹。随着沉积时间由4h增加至8h,疲劳裂纹由穿晶断裂的直线裂纹转变为沿晶开裂的曲折裂纹,同时成膜过程中的退火效应使薄膜的晶粒长大、晶粒结构更加趋于完整、残余应力减小,从而使薄膜疲劳裂纹减小。     

电弧喷涂快速制模工艺及喷涂角度对模具性能的影响

电弧喷涂快速制模技术是基于原型的一种制模周期短、成本低、复制性能好的快速制模技术,是一种很有发展前途的快速制模技术。本文通过实验研究探讨了低温电弧喷涂快速制模工艺流程、母模材料、喷涂材料及各种工艺参数的选择,重点研究了喷涂角度对模具性能的影响。实验结果表明,喷涂角度的减小会导致模具致密度和硬度的下降、金属层的孔隙率增大,60°~90°的喷涂角度对性能影响不大,60°以下时,性能下降幅度明显增大。     

Ni-P-ZrO2化学复合镀层对TC4钛合金抗氧化性能和阻燃性能的影响

在TC4钛合金微弧氧化膜表面制备Ni-P-ZrO2化学复合镀层,研究其在600和700℃空气中的抗高温氧化性能,利用脉冲激光烧蚀处理研究其阻燃性能。结果表明,Ni-P-ZrO2化学复合镀层在600和700℃空气中的氧化动力学曲线呈抛物线形状,氧化膜薄且致密,主要以NiO为主,镀层中非晶的NiP相转变成晶态的Ni2P相,具有良好的抗氧化性能。激光烧蚀处理时,Ni-P-ZrO2镀层烧蚀体积、面积分别是TC4烧蚀的1/3和1/2。镀层激光烧蚀处理后,在烧蚀孔洞内部出现柱状晶粒,ZrO2粒子在镀层表面发生团聚,Ni-P-ZrO2化学复合镀层能有效地提高钛合金的阻燃性能。     

再制造热喷涂涂层切削加工研究现状

综述了涂层磨削加工中砂轮的选用、不同磨削工艺的特点、磨削加工存在的问题。对涂层车削加工中刀具的选用进行了论述,对涂层车削加工中切削参数的选择进行了总结,并给出了可供实际加工的参考数据。最后对涂层车削加工中残余应力分布和涂层结合强度进行了讨论。利用Abaqus对涂层车削加工进行仿真,得到了残余应力分布云图。借鉴垂直拉伸法,对回转体涂层结合强度进行了较为准确的测量。     

高速电弧喷涂再制造曲轴FeAlCr/3Cr13复合涂层的性能研究

高速电弧喷涂再制造曲轴的使用寿命与涂层的结合强度和耐磨性有很大的关系。为了提高涂层的性能,研究了新型FeAlCr/3Cr13复合涂层的组织结构和力学性能,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDAX)和X射线衍射仪分析了涂层的微观结构、相组成和残余应力。利用显微硬度计和CETR微动摩擦磨损试验机等试验设备对涂层的力学性能进行了分析。结果表明,喷涂FeAlCr粉芯丝材作为打底层,合金元素反应充分,复合涂层组织均匀、致密,空隙率约9.87%。复合涂层相组成主要由韧性相α-Fe和硬质相Cr23C6、(Fe,Cr)固溶体组成,氧化物含量较低,约3.2%,复合涂层平均残余应力较小,约67.6 MPa,平均显微硬度HV0.1为4000 MPa,结合强度约46.6 MPa,油润滑高载摩擦条件下复合涂层表现出较好的耐磨性能。     

Intrinsic instability of flame–acoustic coupling

This paper shows that a flame can be an intrinsically unstable acoustic element. The finding is clarified in the framework of an acoustic network model, where the flame is described by an acoustic scattering matrix. The instability of the flame acoustic coupling is shown to become dominating in the limit of no acoustic reflections. This is in contrast to classical standing-wave thermoacoustic modes, which originate from the positive feedback loop between system acoustics and the flame. These findings imply that the effectiveness of passive thermoacoustic damping devices is limited by the intrinsic stability properties of the flame.     

New insights into the peculiar behavior of laminar burning velocities of hydrogen–air flames according to pressure and equivalence ratio

Hydrogen is a clean and energetic fuel, and its oxidation mechanism is a subset of the oxidation mechanisms of all hydrocarbons. Therefore, the validation of the available kinetic schemes is of great importance. In the current study, experimental measurements of laminar flame speeds and modeling studies were performed for H₂–air premixed flames over a wide range of equivalence ratios (0.5–4.0) and pressures (0.2–3 bar). The large scale in mixture and thermodynamic conditions allows a better understanding of the peculiar behavior of hydrogen flame speeds with pressure. Two very recent detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms for hydrogen combustion were selected. Excellent agreement was observed between calculations and experimental results, confirming the validity of the kinetic schemes selected. The kinetic analyses performed allow proposing an explanation for the nonmonotonic variation of hydrogen/air flame speed with pressure observed in the experiments.     

Effect of strain rate on sooting limits in counterflow diffusion flames of gaseous hydrocarbon fuels: Sooting temperature index and sooting sensitivity index

The effect of the strain rate on the sooting limits in counterflow diffusion flames was investigated in various gaseous hydrocarbon fuels by varying the nitrogen dilution in the fuel and oxidizer streams. The sooting limit was defined as the critical fuel and oxygen mole fraction at which soot started to appear in the elastic light scattering signal. The sooting region for normal alkane fuels at a specified strain rate, in terms of the fuel and oxygen mole fraction, expanded as the number of carbon atoms increased. The alkene fuels (ethylene, propene) tested had a higher propensity for sooting as compared with alkane fuels with the same carbon numbers (ethane, propane). Branched iso-butane had a higher propensity for sooting than did n-butane. An increase in the strain rate reduced the tendency for sooting in all the fuels tested. The sensitivity of the sooting limit to the strain rate was more pronounced for less sooting fuels. When plotted in terms of calculated flame temperature, the critical oxygen mole fraction exhibited an Arrhenius form under sooting limit conditions, which can be utilized to significantly reduce the effort required to determine sooting limits at different strain rates. We found that the limiting temperatures of soot formation flames are viable sooting metrics for quantitatively rating the sooting tendency of various fuels, based on comparisons with threshold soot index and normalized smoke point data. We also introduce a sooting temperature index and a sooting sensitivity index, two quantitative measures to describe sooting propensity and its dependence on strain rate.     

Correlation of optical emission and turbulent length scale in a coaxial jet diffusion flame

This article investigates the correlation between optical emission and turbulent length scale in a coaxial jet diffusion flame. To simulate the H₂O emission from an H₂/O₂ diffusion flame, radiative transfer is calculated on flame data obtained by numerical simulation. H₂O emission characteristics are examined for a one-dimensional opposed-flow diffusion flame. The results indicate that H₂O emission intensity is linearly dependent on flame thickness. The simulation of H₂O emission is then extended to an H₂/O₂ turbulent coaxial jet diffusion flame. Time series data for a turbulent diffusion flame are obtained by Large Eddy Simulation, and radiative transfer calculations are conducted on the LES results to simulate H₂O emission optical images. The length scales of visible structures in the simulated emission images are determined by the procedure proposed by Ivancic and Mayer (2002) [8]. The length scales of emission intensity are compared with the integral length scales of velocity and temperature evaluated from LES flowfield data. The results clearly indicate that the length scale of emission intensity agrees well with the integral length scale of temperature, and is also close to that of the radial velocity component. Finally, the explanation as to why the integral length scale of temperature can be extracted from emission intensity distributions is stated.